Doctorate Projects

Kathrin Breimayer

Women and Slaves in Early Christ Groups and other Ancient Associations

In contrast to the strict hierarchy of Greco-Roman society, ancient associations are often associated with a certain degree of egalitarianism and equal opportunities regardless of one’s actual social status. This conception also has implications for our understanding of the social structures of Pauline Christ groups. According to current scholarship, persons that were marginalized in various private and public spheres of Greco-Roman society had, within associations and thus also in early Christ groups, the same opportunities as non-marginalized individuals to obtain offices, gain social capital through material and immaterial services for the community, and establish valuable private and professional contacts. However, this theoretical equality is relativized by practical limitations as most of these opportunities require a certain pre-existing level of capital (financial resources, time, connections).

Although current scholarship in part indicates this discrepancy between theory and practice, a detailed investigation of the opportunities and restrictions of marginalized groups in ancient associations is lacking so far. Therefore, this doctoral project focuses on two marginalized groups, women and slaves, and examines their possibilities of active participation in associations of the Greco-Roman world, specifically in Greek and Roman associations, in Jewish synagogue communities and the Qumran community. The source materials used to investigate this topic are literary and legal texts, inscriptions and papyri.

Furthermore, it will be examined which extent and which kind of participation of women and slaves in Pauline communities appears plausible against the socio-institutional surroundings of early Christianity. By comparing the practices of early Christian communities and other ancient associations, it will be explored to which extent Paul and other Christ believers adopted or abandoned the conventions of their social environment. Overall, the project aims at a differentiated reconstruction of the participation of women and slaves – divided into subcategories, for example, free women, female slaves, imperial slaves, slaves of lower social strata – in the activities of Pauline Christ groups based on sources from ancient associations.

Daici Okawa

"Umsonst" im Neuen Testament: Exegetische Studien zum Begriff δωρεάν im Frühchristentum und der griechisch-römischen Antike

„Das Umsonst [ist] der basso continuo des Neuen Testaments“, schrieb der systematische Theologe I. U. Dalferth im Vorwort seines im Jahr 2011 erschienenen Essays. Dass etwas „umsonst“ ist, bedeutet – wie seine deutschen Synonyme zeigen –, dass etwas „ohne Gegen- oder Vorleistung“ zugänglich ist, dass also etwas „kostenlos“, „gebührenfrei“ oder „unentgeltlich“ gegeben oder erhalten wird. Nicht nur in der heutigen alltäglichen Kommunikation, sondern auch im biblischen Kontext der Antike ist es ein stark ökonomisch geprägtes Phänomenon. In welchem Sinne ist das »Umsonst« also der „basso continuo“ des Neuen Testaments?

Dieses Dissertationsprojekt setzt sich zum Ziel, die vielfältige Verwendung des Begriffs δωρεάν (umsonst/kostenlos) im Neuen Testament detailliert zu untersuchen und im Kontext der philosophischen, sozialwissenschaftlichen und theologischen Diskussionen zur Thematik der Gabe sowie der griechisch-römischen Antike inklusive des antiken Judentums umfassend zu profilieren.

Die Adverbien δωρεάν und ἀδάπανον erscheinen im Sinne von „umsonst/kostenlos“ insgesamt zehnmal in den Büchern des Neuen Testaments (Mt 10,8*2; Joh 15,25; Röm 3,24; 1Kor 9,18; 2Kor 11,7; Gal 2,21; 2 Thess 3,8; Offb 21,6; 22,17). Im Wesentlichen fallen hierbei insbesondere die beiden folgenden Punkte auf: Einerseits sind die Kontexte des jeweiligen Gebrauchs groß unterschiedlich: Während sich das Adverb im Römer- und Galaterbrief auf die Rechtfertigung durch Gott bezieht, geht es im Matthäusevangelium, in den beiden Korintherbriefen und im 2. Thessalonicherbrief um die Evangeliumsverkündigung. In der Johannesoffenbarug ist das Adverb mit der eschatologischen Vision einer neuen Welt verbunden. Andererseits stehen aber alle diese Verwendungen – mit Ausnahme des Belegs im Johannesevangelium, bei dem es sich um ein Zitat aus der LXX handelt – im Zusammenhang mit der Gnade Gottes und seiner Verkündigung.

Aus diesen Beobachtungen heraus stellt sich die Frage, wie sich die Gemeinsamkeiten und zudem auch die Unterschiede in der Verwendung des Adverbs in den verschiedenen neutestamentlichen Texten interpretieren lassen. Worauf deuten die Vergleiche mit soziologischen und philosophischen Diskursen und mit der griechisch-römischen Antike hin? Was bedeutet im Neuen Testament gemeinhin, dass die Gnade Gottes den Menschen „umsonst/kostenlos“ bzw. „als Gabe“ gegeben wird, und warum sollten frühchristliche Missionare sie „umsonst/kostenlos“ verkündigen? Was ist bzw. bedeutet »Umsonst« im Neuen Testament? Um alles diese Fragen hinreichend beantworten zu können, soll in diesem Projekt der umfassende Versuch unternommen werden, durch sozialwissenschaftlich orientierte exegetische Studien zu erhellen, wie dieser Begriff im Frühchristentum mit dem Evangelium der Gnade Gottes und seiner Verkündigung verbunden ist.

daichi.okawa@univie.ac.at

Deborah Hill

An Epigraphical Commentary on Paul's Letter to Philemon

Over a hundred years have passed since G. A. Deissmann urged other New Testament scholars to study primary sources such as papyri and inscriptions, which were becoming newly available through corpora compiled by the Berlin Academy of Sciences.  And, though insights from papyri have been widely applauded, most scholars continue to neglect inscriptions. Some inscriptions inform the standard lexicons in use today, however vast numbers of newly published inscriptions were not included within the updated revisions of these lexicons.

To remedy this oversight, a team of scholars from Leuven and Vienna have embarked upon a new series of “epigraphical” commentaries on the whole New Testament.  Similar to the format for the Papyrologische Kommentare zum Neuen Testament series edited by P. Arzt-Grabner et al. (2003–2014), this series aims to comment verse-by-verse upon each major lexeme in the biblical text following research of such words in epigraphical databases. Inscriptions occurring nearer geographically and closer in time to the estimated authorship of a text will have greater relevance for interpretation.  Volumes will build upon each other, employing the research conducted for previous volumes in order to comment upon the biblical text at hand. The first volume for this series awaits publication in 2024: 1  Thessalonians by J. Ogereau. Upon completion, this project on Philemon will become the series’ second volume. 

Studying the Letter to Philemon alongside contemporary inscriptions will provide a more precise understanding of everyday lexical use than can be gained from ancient literary sources alone. In addition, trends in word use across time and a wider geography can help shed light upon socio-cultural practices. For example, the two Greek words δεσμός (“bond, tie, fetter”) and συναιχμαλώτος (“fellow prisoner,” lit. “captured together by the spear”) tell us that prisoners in the ancient world were identified based upon the means of their constraint, whether it was a chain that kept them from running away or the threat of violence should they attempt it. Such words could designate someone like Paul, suspected of wrongdoing and awaiting trial.  Or they could refer to those captured by bandits or defeated in battle, who were trafficked before being sold into slavery for profit.  In particular, δεσμός referred euphemistically to enslaved persons. Either way, Paul seems to hold both his literal chains and Onesimus’ lifelong bondage at the forefront of his mind while writing this uniquely personal letter. 

revdleighton@gmail.com

Sarah Herzog

Scham im 1. Korintherbrief

Als einer der universalen menschlichen Affekte ist das Erleben von Scham eine anthropologische Konstante, die durch Exposition ausgelöst wird, hemmend und identitätsbildend wirkt und somit als soziales Korrektiv fungieren kann. Die konkreten Auslöser der Schamemotion sind soziokulturell geprägt und ihre kognitive Interpretation und moralische Wertung somit auch im Rahmen des Konzepts von Ehre und Schande im antiken mediterranen Raum historischen, gesellschaftlichen und individuellen Bedingungen unterworfen.

Der 1. Korintherbrief weist unter den paulinischen Briefen die höchste Dichte an entsprechenden Termini (αἰσχύνη, ἀτιμία, ἐντροπή usw.) und semantischen Feldern auf, wobei die Schamemotion auf formaler und inhaltlicher Ebene zum Tragen kommt: einerseits im Gebrauch von expliziter und impliziter Schamrhetorik sowie andererseits im Zusammenhang mit der Motivik von Torheit und Erkenntnis, Schwachheit und Macht, sozialem Status und Anstand, Körperlichkeit und Geschlecht, Gericht und der Offenbarung des Verborgenen. Zu Beginn der Epistel wird gar Gott selbst als Beschämender dargestellt (1Kor 1,27) und somit die Praxis des Beschämens vermeintlich theologisch legitimiert.

Das Dissertationsprojekt befasst sich daher mit der rhetorischen Verwendung, historisch-kulturellen Bedeutung und theologisch-moralischen Wertung von Scham in den Ausführungen des Paulus in seinem ersten Brief an die korinthische Gemeinde. Dabei wird vor allem zu fragen sein, inwiefern dem Schamempfinden eine auktorial intendierte Funktion als Korrektiv seiner Adressat*innen zukommt, konventionell geprägtes Schamgefühl in der Christuszugehörigkeit durch theologisch begründete Inversionsphänomene überwunden werden soll oder die Position des Paulus an anderer Stelle in diesem Spannungsfeld möglicher Wertungen von Scham zu verorten ist. Zugleich bleibt zu ergründen, ob Paulus mit seiner Schamrhetorik und theologischen Wertung von Scham selbst innerhalb der Konventionen der antiken Schamkultur verhaftet bleibt oder einen theologisch innovativen Umgang mit Scham aufweist.

sarah.christiane.herzog@univie.ac.at

 

 

Gregory King

The Gospel of John as Recipient of Scribal Harmonization in Greek Manuscripts of the Second to Fourth Centuries C.E.: A Catalogue and Analysis of Harmonizing Scribal Activity in the Four-Gospel Tradition of the New Testament. 

The Gospel of John served as both source and recipient of the influence of parallel passages in the four-gospel tradition of the New Testament. Yet, the extant manuscript data of the Fourth Gospel relevant to this assertion have to date not been systematically and fully quantified nor qualified to demonstrate the proportional activity of scribal harmonization with the Gospel of John as recipient of the influence of scribal harmonization from one or more of the Synoptic Gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke. This study therefore seeks to clarify on the quantity, quality, and probable relationship of influence of parallel passages in the Synoptic Gospels upon the Gospel of John due to scribal harmonization in Greek manuscripts of the second to fourth centuries. 

Recent research into the study of scribal habits in the Synoptic Gospels provides a background of understanding for the concept of scribal harmonization. Just as literary similarities and differences within the Synoptic presentation of Jesus traditions have demonstrably given rise to harmonized variant readings within and between the Synoptic Gospels, so too have literary similarities and differences between the Fourth Gospel and one or more of the Synoptics provided occasion for scribes to exert an harmonizing influence in the transmission of the manuscripts of John. Yet, the unique appropriation of these traditions in the Gospel of John had a noteworthy effect on the occasion available to scribes for harmonizing activity in their manuscripts. Thus, in this doctoral research, a total of twenty-six manuscripts dated to the relevant period are assessed, and the primary research question is posed: What was the quantity, quality, and likelihood of scribal harmonization with the Gospel of John as recipient of the influence of parallel passages in the four-gospel tradition of the New Testament in Greek manuscripts of the second to fourth centuries.  In the dissertation, the concept and terminology of harmonization as a subset of scribal activity is examined from a text-critical perspective. Variant readings in the extant manuscripts of the Gospel according to John from the earliest period of textual transmission, whose origins are potentially attributable to scrabial harmonization, are catalogued and assessed for harmonization, and the individual manuscripts of interest serve as the starting point for identification and analysis of harmonization. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the manuscript data per century serve as a data sample of this scribal habit and lead to a determination of any synchronic and diachronic patterns of harmonization as both an event and as historical process in the excerpted transmission history of the Gospel of John in the context of the four-gospel tradition of the New Testament. The method and presuppositions of reasoned eclecticism, which adjudicates between variant readings in balanced consideration of both external and internal criteria, are utilized in text-critical analysis of all variation units in the dissertation. Hypotheses regarding the possible quantity and quality of harmonization in the Fourth Gospel have been generated and will be tested, the results of which will be published to provide a comprehensive analysis of the scribal habit of harmonization in the Gospel of John. The dissertation is provisionally set for defense in 2026.

Provisional Structure:  

Chapter numberProvisional TitleContent Description
oneIntroduction to Harmonization in the Four-Fold Gospel of the New Testament and the Unique Contribution of the Gospel according to JohnConcept introduction, the state of research, primary and secondary research questions, findings from Scribal Harmonization in the Synoptic Gospels, hypotheses, methodology, inclusion and exclusion and limitations of the study
twoHarmonization in John with the Synoptic Gospels as Source of Influence from Parallel Passages: Fragmentary Manuscripts of the Second Century P52 and P90: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, assessment of likelihood of harmonization in variation units, synchronic analysis of the second century
threeHarmonization in John with the Synoptic Gospels as Source of Influence from Parallel Passages: Fragmentary Manuscripts of the Third Century P5P22P28P39P80P95P106P107P108P109P119P121P134, 0162: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, assessment of likelihood of harmonization in variation units, synchronic analysis of the third century
fourHarmonization in John with the Synoptic Gospels as Source of Influence from Parallel Passages: Extensive Manuscripts of the Third Century P45P66P75: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, assessment of likelihood of harmonization in variation units, synchronic analysis of the third century
fiveHarmonization in John with the Synoptic Gospels as Source of Influence from Parallel Passages: Fragmentary Manuscripts of the Fourth Century P6P120P122, 0258: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, assessment of likelihood of harmonization in variation units, synchronic analysis of the fourth century
sixHarmonization in John with the Synoptic Gospels as Source of Influence from Parallel Passages: A Complete Manuscript of the Fourth Century03: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, assessment of likelihood of harmonization in variation units, synchronic analysis of the fourth century
sevenHarmonization in John with the Synoptic Gospels as Source of Influence from Parallel Passages: A Complete Manuscript of the Fourth Century01: Quantitative and qualitative analysis, assessment of likelihood of harmonization in variation units, synchronic analysis of the fourth century
eightSummary of Findings and Conclusion: The Gospel of John as Source and Recipient of Harmonization in the Four-Fold Gospel of the New TestamentQuantitative and qualitative analysis of the aggregate of data set, diachronic analysis of harmonization, harmonization as a subset of transcriptional probability, application of research to the study of scribal habits and stability or fluidity of the transmission of the New Testament, prospects for future research

 

king.gregory.mi@gmail.com 

Daniel David Pollorena Marquez

Milena Heussler

Jason Valdez